Time value of money (TVM)

Definition

The time value of money (TVM) is a fundamental concept in finance that describes the idea that money available today is worth more than the same amount of money in the future. This is because money has the potential to earn returns or interest over time. Conversely, receiving a sum of money in the future is less valuable than receiving it in the present.

What is time value of money?

Here are some key points about the time value of money:

1. Future value (FV):
– Future value is the value of an investment or sum of money after a specified period, assuming it earns interest or experiences growth.

2. Present value (PV):
– Present value is the current value of a future sum of money, discounted at an appropriate interest rate. It represents what a future sum is worth in today’s terms.

3. Interest rates:
– Interest rates play a crucial role in TVM. Higher interest rates generally lead to higher future values and lower present values.

4. Compounding:
– Compounding refers to the process of earning interest on both the initial amount of money (the principal) and the accumulated interest from previous periods.

5. Discounting:
– Discounting is the process of reducing the value of a future sum of money to its present value. It involves applying an appropriate discount rate.

6. Time periods:
– The length of time involved significantly affects the time value of money. The longer the time period, the more pronounced the effect of compounding or discounting.

7. Annuities:
– TVM principles are often applied to annuities, which involve a series of equal payments or receipts at regular intervals.

8. Opportunity cost:
– TVM considers the concept of opportunity cost, which is the potential return that could have been earned on an investment foregone in favour of another.

9. Risk and uncertainty:
– TVM assumes a risk-free environment. In reality, investments may carry varying degrees of risk, which can affect the actual returns.

10. Applications:
– TVM concepts are used in a wide range of financial calculations, including investment valuation, loan amortisation, pricing bonds, and making decisions about saving for retirement.

11. Inflation considerations:
– Inflation, which erodes the purchasing power of money over time, is an important factor to consider in TVM calculations.

12. Personal finance:
– Understanding TVM is crucial for making informed financial decisions, such as saving for retirement, purchasing a home, or evaluating investment opportunities.

By recognising the time value of money, individuals and businesses can make more informed financial decisions by considering the opportunity cost and implications of receiving or spending money at different points in time. This concept is foundational in various areas of finance and investment analysis.

Example of time value of money

Let’s say Company ABC is considering two investment opportunities:

1. Investment A: Company ABC has the option to invest ₦10,000 in a project that will generate returns in 5 years.
2. Investment B: Alternatively, Company ABC could invest the same ₦10,000 in a different project that will generate returns in 10 years.

To determine which investment is more valuable, Company ABC uses the concept of the time value of money to calculate the present value of the future cash flows from each investment.

Using a discount rate of 5% (which represents the company’s required rate of return or the cost of capital), Company ABC calculates the present value of the future cash flows for each investment:

Based on the present value calculations, Investment B has a higher present value (₦12,578.97) compared to Investment A (₦11,640.20). Therefore, even though Investment B generates returns in a longer time frame, it is more valuable in present terms due to the time value of money.